It's a busy day at Woodlands Checkpoint, Singapore's main land crossing on the border with Malaysia, and thousands of cars are slowly trundling past the watchful eyes of customs officer Belinda Liaw and her team.
Suddenly Liaw steps forward, signalling at a white Toyota van to stop. Her team swarms the vehicle immediately, their blue-gloved fists knocking all over the chassis to check for false compartments. Others question the driver, rifle through his belongings and scour his mobile phone.
They are searching for vapes - which the Singapore government has spent months waging war against.
Vapes or e-cigarettes have been banned in the city-state since 2018. But in recent years drug-laced vapes, known by their street name K-pods, have become popular on the black market - unnerving a country known for its zero tolerance of drugs.
Authorities have launched a harsh crackdown, putting in place tough punishments with more targeted laws on the way. Now, if you get caught with an e-cigarette in Singapore, you could be jailed, sent to state rehab, or even caned. A massive public health campaign has blanketed the island, warning Singaporeans of the dangers of vaping.
It comes as many countries consider tighter regulation. A World Health Organization (WHO) bulletin has called Singapore's campaign a turning point that will influence the next decade of global tobacco and drug policy.
Could others follow suit?
Back at Woodlands Checkpoint, Liaw and her team of customs officers wave off a driver they were searching - he was clean.
Most vapes come to Singapore from Malaysia. Liaw told the BBC they once found vaping supplies stacked inside air-conditioning equipment and cartons of light switches. Another time, they searched a bread van and discovered thousands of vapes nestled within trays of buns.
In recent months smugglers have changed tactics by bringing in smaller batches squirrelled away in various parts of the vehicle - hence the thorough knocking.
The [smugglers'] methods are evolving, so we're evolving too… we have to work harder to detect more cases and stop all these vapes from coming in, explained Liaw.
Singapore first banned vapes in 2018 as a precaution while it weighed up the evidence on its effects on health, stating it would be irresponsible to make a hasty decision. But an underground market for e-cigarettes continued to thrive online. Singaporean vapers have told the BBC that even after 2018 they could easily purchase vape supplies via forums and chat apps.
Then, in recent years, a new product emerged on the black market – K-pods. These are vapes laced with etomidate, a type of anaesthetic which has the same mind-numbing effect as ketamine, hence the nickname.
Soon videos of young people passing out in public or acting erratically on public transport – all after puffing on K-pods – went viral. Last July, a random test of 100 seized vapes found about one third contained etomidate.
The news shocked Singapore. Many asked how this was possible in a country that prides itself for keeping out most drugs through severe punishments, even for marijuana use, and a mandatory death penalty for traffickers.
Authorities quickly swung into action. Prime Minister Lawrence Wong declared that vaping was now a drug issue and his government would crack down not only on K-pods but all vapes. The vapes themselves are just delivery devices. The real danger is what's inside, warned Mr Wong last August.
In September the government rolled out new penalties for vapers including state-mandated rehabilitation and fines of up to 10,000 Singapore dollars (£5,765; $7,780). The punishments are more severe for sellers, particularly those caught with drug-laced vapes. They could be jailed for up to 20 years and receive up to 15 strokes of the cane - a painful punishment where convicts are flogged on their buttocks.
Foreigners face the same punishments and can also be deported. Strict rules have been introduced in schools where students caught with vapes could face suspensions, expulsion, and also caning. More penalties are expected in the next few months, as the government comes up with legislation targeting etomidate and other drugs that could be found in vapes.
Vape bins have been placed across the island for users to dispose of their devices without penalty. Authorities have also been conducting roving patrols and bag checks at bus and metro stations to catch those reluctant to voluntarily give up their vapes.
A hotline has been set up for the public to report anyone suspected of vaping – more than 2,600 reports were lodged in the first nine weeks.
For the last few months, it has been hard to escape a massive anti-vaping public health campaign. Local media outlets have run countless stories on the dangers of vaping, while adverts have been plastered everywhere on the island and on social media. Many of them reference popular movies and TV shows in an effort to reach out to youths.
One advert has the tagline Final Destination - ICU. Another, called Danger Things, depicts vaping as something out of a zombie movie and references the Netflix hit Stranger Things. Yet another advert references the TV show Breaking Bad - about a chemistry teacher turned drug lord - with the tagline Breaking Dad.
These adverts highlight real-life case studies such as a father whose teen daughter died from a fall while intoxicated from using K-pods, and a vaper who needed his lungs washed four times.
Singaporean authorities, who arrested nearly 2,000 people for vaping offences between September and November, say their clampdown has yielded results. They point to a declining percentage of drug-laced vapes which now make up less than a tenth of seized e-cigarettes.
Not many in Singapore appear to publicly oppose this crackdown – the majority of Singaporeans have long supported the government's tough drug policies. But online and in private, there are some who complain that the new restrictions go too far. One vaper, who asked to be identified with the pseudonym Michael, said it wasn't right that the government was strong-arming him into giving up vaping.
Cigarettes are known to be bad for you, right? Yet they're legal. Vaping is a big question. So do you want something that you know is going to harm you, or will you take a chance? said Michael.
Another vaper, who wanted to be known by the pseudonym Toby, said he could understand the need for a harsh crackdown, particularly to protect teens from gaining access to drugs via vapes. It's not the most popular move, but it certainly is the most efficient… it's cutting the head off a snake, he admitted.
Other Singaporeans have also questioned if the proliferation of drug-laced vapes was in part caused by the government's 2018 ban. An editorial in independent magazine Jom pointed out that the ban created incentives for black marketers to create the most high-value, addictive products.
In response, a Singapore health ministry spokesperson told the BBC that the government banned vaping before it becomes as entrenched as cigarette smoking, to pre-emptively stop new harmful and addictive products from entering the market and prevent a new set of associated health issues.
The fact that a black market can sell illicit substances to a small minority cannot possibly be the justification to make abuse of the substance a legitimate mainstream habit.
The dean of the Saw Swee Hock School Of Public Health at the National University of Singapore, Teo Yik Ying, has argued that Singapore did the right thing as an outright ban has contained the problem.
In contrast, countries that legalised vapes saw demand explode and youth uptake surge while illicit actors thrive anyway. In other words, regulation in lieu of a ban does not prevent illicit trade – it amplifies it by creating a vast consumer base to serve, he wrote in a commentary published last year.
While the level of its crackdown is rarely seen elsewhere, Singapore is far from the only country that has restricted vaping. At least 46 countries now ban the sale of vapes, while another 82 have some form of regulation.
The UK's Tobacco and Vapes Bill, which would ban the sale of vapes to under-18s and restrict vape advertising, is making its way through parliament. Australia has made e-cigarettes available only through doctors' prescriptions to quit smoking, while Belgium has banned disposable vapes with plans for further restrictions. Malaysia is targeting to ban all vapes this year.
Much of these efforts are aimed at limiting vape access for youths, a key target market for e-cigarette companies. The WHO estimates there are at least 15 million children – aged 13 to 15 years old – who use e-cigarettes, and that children are nine times more likely than adults to vape.
If we're not careful, we're going to get a [vaping] epidemic that starts with the younger generations that would just get worse over time, said Yvette van der Eijk, who researches tobacco policies with the National University of Singapore.
She pointed out that cigarette smoking was an example of how things can turn out if you don't nip these kind of issues in the bud, and warned the world was at risk of repeating history if it does not curb vaping soon. A ban like Singapore's, she said, was more prudent.
But few places in the world are like Singapore, whose tiny size and powerful government have enabled it to effectively enforce a strict ban. There is also the question of how long any country, let alone Singapore, could sustain a prolonged and exacting war against vapes.
In recent months following the crackdown, vapers in Singapore say it is still possible to get their supplies. And when it gets too difficult, they can simply cross the border into Indonesian and Malaysian towns, which have reportedly seen thriving demand for vapes from travelling Singaporeans.
Suddenly Liaw steps forward, signalling at a white Toyota van to stop. Her team swarms the vehicle immediately, their blue-gloved fists knocking all over the chassis to check for false compartments. Others question the driver, rifle through his belongings and scour his mobile phone.
They are searching for vapes - which the Singapore government has spent months waging war against.
Vapes or e-cigarettes have been banned in the city-state since 2018. But in recent years drug-laced vapes, known by their street name K-pods, have become popular on the black market - unnerving a country known for its zero tolerance of drugs.
Authorities have launched a harsh crackdown, putting in place tough punishments with more targeted laws on the way. Now, if you get caught with an e-cigarette in Singapore, you could be jailed, sent to state rehab, or even caned. A massive public health campaign has blanketed the island, warning Singaporeans of the dangers of vaping.
It comes as many countries consider tighter regulation. A World Health Organization (WHO) bulletin has called Singapore's campaign a turning point that will influence the next decade of global tobacco and drug policy.
Could others follow suit?
Back at Woodlands Checkpoint, Liaw and her team of customs officers wave off a driver they were searching - he was clean.
Most vapes come to Singapore from Malaysia. Liaw told the BBC they once found vaping supplies stacked inside air-conditioning equipment and cartons of light switches. Another time, they searched a bread van and discovered thousands of vapes nestled within trays of buns.
In recent months smugglers have changed tactics by bringing in smaller batches squirrelled away in various parts of the vehicle - hence the thorough knocking.
The [smugglers'] methods are evolving, so we're evolving too… we have to work harder to detect more cases and stop all these vapes from coming in, explained Liaw.
Singapore first banned vapes in 2018 as a precaution while it weighed up the evidence on its effects on health, stating it would be irresponsible to make a hasty decision. But an underground market for e-cigarettes continued to thrive online. Singaporean vapers have told the BBC that even after 2018 they could easily purchase vape supplies via forums and chat apps.
Then, in recent years, a new product emerged on the black market – K-pods. These are vapes laced with etomidate, a type of anaesthetic which has the same mind-numbing effect as ketamine, hence the nickname.
Soon videos of young people passing out in public or acting erratically on public transport – all after puffing on K-pods – went viral. Last July, a random test of 100 seized vapes found about one third contained etomidate.
The news shocked Singapore. Many asked how this was possible in a country that prides itself for keeping out most drugs through severe punishments, even for marijuana use, and a mandatory death penalty for traffickers.
Authorities quickly swung into action. Prime Minister Lawrence Wong declared that vaping was now a drug issue and his government would crack down not only on K-pods but all vapes. The vapes themselves are just delivery devices. The real danger is what's inside, warned Mr Wong last August.
In September the government rolled out new penalties for vapers including state-mandated rehabilitation and fines of up to 10,000 Singapore dollars (£5,765; $7,780). The punishments are more severe for sellers, particularly those caught with drug-laced vapes. They could be jailed for up to 20 years and receive up to 15 strokes of the cane - a painful punishment where convicts are flogged on their buttocks.
Foreigners face the same punishments and can also be deported. Strict rules have been introduced in schools where students caught with vapes could face suspensions, expulsion, and also caning. More penalties are expected in the next few months, as the government comes up with legislation targeting etomidate and other drugs that could be found in vapes.
Vape bins have been placed across the island for users to dispose of their devices without penalty. Authorities have also been conducting roving patrols and bag checks at bus and metro stations to catch those reluctant to voluntarily give up their vapes.
A hotline has been set up for the public to report anyone suspected of vaping – more than 2,600 reports were lodged in the first nine weeks.
For the last few months, it has been hard to escape a massive anti-vaping public health campaign. Local media outlets have run countless stories on the dangers of vaping, while adverts have been plastered everywhere on the island and on social media. Many of them reference popular movies and TV shows in an effort to reach out to youths.
One advert has the tagline Final Destination - ICU. Another, called Danger Things, depicts vaping as something out of a zombie movie and references the Netflix hit Stranger Things. Yet another advert references the TV show Breaking Bad - about a chemistry teacher turned drug lord - with the tagline Breaking Dad.
These adverts highlight real-life case studies such as a father whose teen daughter died from a fall while intoxicated from using K-pods, and a vaper who needed his lungs washed four times.
Singaporean authorities, who arrested nearly 2,000 people for vaping offences between September and November, say their clampdown has yielded results. They point to a declining percentage of drug-laced vapes which now make up less than a tenth of seized e-cigarettes.
Not many in Singapore appear to publicly oppose this crackdown – the majority of Singaporeans have long supported the government's tough drug policies. But online and in private, there are some who complain that the new restrictions go too far. One vaper, who asked to be identified with the pseudonym Michael, said it wasn't right that the government was strong-arming him into giving up vaping.
Cigarettes are known to be bad for you, right? Yet they're legal. Vaping is a big question. So do you want something that you know is going to harm you, or will you take a chance? said Michael.
Another vaper, who wanted to be known by the pseudonym Toby, said he could understand the need for a harsh crackdown, particularly to protect teens from gaining access to drugs via vapes. It's not the most popular move, but it certainly is the most efficient… it's cutting the head off a snake, he admitted.
Other Singaporeans have also questioned if the proliferation of drug-laced vapes was in part caused by the government's 2018 ban. An editorial in independent magazine Jom pointed out that the ban created incentives for black marketers to create the most high-value, addictive products.
In response, a Singapore health ministry spokesperson told the BBC that the government banned vaping before it becomes as entrenched as cigarette smoking, to pre-emptively stop new harmful and addictive products from entering the market and prevent a new set of associated health issues.
The fact that a black market can sell illicit substances to a small minority cannot possibly be the justification to make abuse of the substance a legitimate mainstream habit.
The dean of the Saw Swee Hock School Of Public Health at the National University of Singapore, Teo Yik Ying, has argued that Singapore did the right thing as an outright ban has contained the problem.
In contrast, countries that legalised vapes saw demand explode and youth uptake surge while illicit actors thrive anyway. In other words, regulation in lieu of a ban does not prevent illicit trade – it amplifies it by creating a vast consumer base to serve, he wrote in a commentary published last year.
While the level of its crackdown is rarely seen elsewhere, Singapore is far from the only country that has restricted vaping. At least 46 countries now ban the sale of vapes, while another 82 have some form of regulation.
The UK's Tobacco and Vapes Bill, which would ban the sale of vapes to under-18s and restrict vape advertising, is making its way through parliament. Australia has made e-cigarettes available only through doctors' prescriptions to quit smoking, while Belgium has banned disposable vapes with plans for further restrictions. Malaysia is targeting to ban all vapes this year.
Much of these efforts are aimed at limiting vape access for youths, a key target market for e-cigarette companies. The WHO estimates there are at least 15 million children – aged 13 to 15 years old – who use e-cigarettes, and that children are nine times more likely than adults to vape.
If we're not careful, we're going to get a [vaping] epidemic that starts with the younger generations that would just get worse over time, said Yvette van der Eijk, who researches tobacco policies with the National University of Singapore.
She pointed out that cigarette smoking was an example of how things can turn out if you don't nip these kind of issues in the bud, and warned the world was at risk of repeating history if it does not curb vaping soon. A ban like Singapore's, she said, was more prudent.
But few places in the world are like Singapore, whose tiny size and powerful government have enabled it to effectively enforce a strict ban. There is also the question of how long any country, let alone Singapore, could sustain a prolonged and exacting war against vapes.
In recent months following the crackdown, vapers in Singapore say it is still possible to get their supplies. And when it gets too difficult, they can simply cross the border into Indonesian and Malaysian towns, which have reportedly seen thriving demand for vapes from travelling Singaporeans.
