The North Korean government is increasingly implementing the death penalty, including for people caught watching and sharing foreign films and TV dramas, a major UN report has found.
The dictatorship, which remains largely cut off from the world, is also subjecting its people to more forced labour while further restricting their freedoms, the report added.
The UN Human Rights Office found that over the past decade the North Korean state had tightened control over 'all aspects of citizens' lives'.
No other population is under such restrictions in today's world, it concluded, adding that surveillance had become 'more pervasive', helped in part by advances in technology.
The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Türk, said that if this situation continued, North Koreans 'will be subjected to more of the suffering, brutal repression and fear that they have endured for so long'.
The report, which is based on more than 300 interviews with people who escaped from North Korea in the past 10 years, found that the death penalty is being used more often.
At least six new laws have been introduced since 2015 that allow for the penalty to be handed out. One crime which can now be punished by death is the watching and sharing of foreign media content such as films and TV dramas, as Kim Jong Un works to successfully limit people's access to information.
Escapees told UN researchers that from 2020 onwards there had been more executions for distributing foreign content. They described how these executions are carried out by firing squads in public to instil fear in people and discourage them from breaking the law.
Kang Gyuri, who escaped in 2023, told the BBC that three of her friends were executed after being caught with South Korean content. She was at the trial of one 23-year-old friend who was sentenced to death.
He was tried along with drug criminals. These crimes are treated the same now, she said, adding that since 2020 people had become more afraid.
Such experiences run counter to what North Korean people had expected from the past decade.
When the current leader Kim Jong Un came to power in 2011, the escapees who were interviewed said they had hoped their lives would improve, as Kim had promised they would no longer need to 'tighten their belts' – meaning they would have enough to eat. He promised to grow the economy, while also protecting the country by further developing its nuclear weapons.
But the report found that since Kim shunned diplomacy with the West and the US in 2019, instead focusing on his weapons programme, people's living situations and human rights had 'degraded'.
Almost everyone interviewed said they did not have enough to eat, and having three meals a day was a 'luxury'. During the Covid pandemic, many escapees said there had been a severe lack of food, and people across the country died of hunger.
In the early days of Kim Jong Un, we had some hope, but that hope did not last long, said one young woman who escaped in 2018 at the age of 17.
The report also found the government is using more forced labour than it was a decade ago. People from poor families are recruited into 'shock brigades' to complete physically demanding tasks, such as construction or mining projects.
This latest research follows a groundbreaking UN commission of inquiry report in 2014, which found, for the first time, that the North Korean government was committing crimes against humanity. Some of the most severe human rights violations were discovered to be taking place at the country's notorious political prison camps.
The report also highlighted that the international community, specifically the UN, is calling for urgent actions, including a referral of North Korea to the International Criminal Court.
